Precedence, Associativity of Operators, Non-Associative Operators

Precedence

Operator	Description	Precedence	Associativity
()	Parentheses	Highest	N/A
**	Exponentiation	High	Right-to-left
+x, -x, ~x	Unary plus, Unary minus, Bitwise NOT	High	Right-to-left
*, /, //, %	Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Modulus	Medium	Left-to-right
+, -	Addition, Subtraction	Medium	Left-to-right
<<, >>	Bitwise shift operators	Medium	Left-to-right
&	Bitwise AND	Medium	Left-to-right
^	Bitwise XOR	Medium	Left-to-right
`	`	Bitwise OR	Medium
==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, is, is not, in, not in	Comparisons, Identity, Membership operators	Low	Left-to-right
not	Logical NOT	Low	Right-to-left
and	Logical AND	Low	Left-to-right
or	Logical OR	Lowest	Left-to-right
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, etc.	Assignment operators	N/A	Non-associative

Associativity of Operators

Associativity determines the order in which operators of the same precedence are evaluated. Most operators in Python have left-to-right associativity, meaning they are evaluated from left to right. However, some operators, like the exponentiation operator (**), have right-to-left associativity.

Examples:

• Left-to-right associativity:

  print(5 * 2 // 3)  # Output: 3
  

  Here, 5 * 2 is evaluated first, then the result is divided by 3.

• Right-to-left associativity:

  print(2 ** 3 ** 2)  # Output: 512
  

  Here, 3 ** 2 is evaluated first, then 2 is raised to that power.

Non-Associative Operators

Non-associative operators cannot be chained together. In Python, the assignment operators (=, +=, etc.) are non-associative. This means you cannot write something like a = b = c = 5 and expect it to work as a single expression.