Transmission Media, Telephone Line, Leased Line, Switched Line, Guided Media, Unguided Media

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 Transmission Media

Telephone Line - 
* Telephone network were developed late 1800s for transmitting voice in from of analog signals it is also known as PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network )
* Telephone network use circuit switching
* initially, these system used analog switching service in this two- wire or four wire twisted pair cable was used to connect the subscribers handset to the telephone network via exchange.
* Now-a-day, telephone network also carry digital data thereby providing digital services
* telephone network has three major components 
    1. Local Loop
    2. Trunks
    3. Switching offices


Leased Line - 
A leased line is a dedicated, private telecommunications circuit between two or more locations. It provides a constant, dedicated connection that is not shared with other users, ensuring consistent performance. Leased lines offer symmetrical bandwidth, meaning the upload and download speeds are the same, which is beneficial for businesses requiring reliable and fast data transfer in both directions. They are known for their high reliability and uptime, often backed by service level agreements (SLAs). Common uses include connecting distant offices, providing high-speed internet access, and supporting applications like VoIP, video conferencing, and large data transfers.

Switched Line - 

A switched line, or circuit-switched network, is a type of communication network where a dedicated communication path is established between two endpoints for the duration of the transmission. This is commonly used in traditional telephone networks.

Key Steps:

  1. Connection Establishment: A dedicated path is set up between the caller and the receiver.
  2. Data Transmission: The data is transmitted over this dedicated path.
  3. Connection Termination: Once the communication is complete, the path is released.

This method ensures a continuous and reliable connection, but it can be less efficient compared to packet-switched networks, especially for data transmission.


 Transmission Media

Guided Media

Guided media involves physical pathways for data transmission. Here are the main types:

  1. Twisted Pair Cable:

    • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Commonly used in telephonic applications and Ethernet LANs. It’s inexpensive and easy to install but susceptible to interference.
    • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Has a special jacket to block external interference, used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and telephone lines.

  2. Coaxial Cable:

    • Used in cable TV networks and for internet access. It supports high bandwidth and is less affected by noise.

  3. Fiber Optic Cable:

    • Transmits data as light signals through thin glass fibers. It supports very high data rates and long-distance communication with minimal signal loss.

Unguided Media

Unguided media, also known as wireless media, transmits data through the air without physical conductors. Here are the main types:

  1. Radio Waves:

    • Used for broadcasting radio and TV signals, as well as in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies.

  2. Microwaves:

    • Used for long-distance communication, such as satellite and cellular networks.

  3. Infrared:

    • Used for short-range communication, such as remote controls and some wireless peripherals.


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