Transmission impairments – Attenuation, Distortion, Noise. Multiplexing – Frequency division, Time division, Wavelength division

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 Sure, let’s break down these concepts in an easy-to-understand way for your paper.

Transmission Impairments

  1. Attenuation:

    • Definition: Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium.
    • Cause: This happens due to the resistance of the medium, which absorbs some of the signal’s energy.
    • Example: Imagine shouting across a large field. Your voice gets weaker the further it travels.
    • Solution: Amplifiers are used to boost the signal strength at intervals to counteract attenuation.

  2. Distortion:

    • Definition: Distortion occurs when the shape or form of the signal changes.
    • Cause: Different frequency components of a signal travel at different speeds, causing them to arrive at different times.
    • Example: Think of a band playing music. If the instruments are not synchronized, the music sounds distorted.
    • Solution: Equalizers can be used to correct the timing differences between frequency components.

  3. Noise:

    • Definition: Noise is any unwanted signal that interferes with the original signal.
    • Types:
      • Thermal Noise: Caused by the random motion of electrons in a conductor.
      • Induced Noise: Comes from external sources like motors and appliances.
      • Crosstalk: Occurs when a signal from one channel interferes with another.
      • Impulse Noise: Sudden bursts of energy from events like lightning.
    • Example: Static on a radio station.
    • Solution: Shielding cables and using filters can help reduce noise.

Multiplexing

  1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):

    • Definition: FDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple frequency bands, each carrying a separate signal.
    • Example: Think of different radio stations broadcasting at different frequencies. You can tune into any station without interference from others.
    • Use Case: Used in traditional radio and TV broadcasting.

  2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):

    • Definition: TDM divides the time into slots and allocates each slot to a different signal.
    • Example: Imagine a single lane road where cars (signals) take turns to pass through.
    • Use Case: Used in digital telephony and data communication.

  3. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM):

    • Definition: WDM is similar to FDM but used in optical fibers. It divides the light into different wavelengths, each carrying a separate signal.
    • Example: Think of a rainbow where each color represents a different signal.
    • Use Case: Used in fiber-optic communication to increase the capacity of data transmission.

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